Study links feelings of unsafety with increased smoking habits

Research from the University of Houston indicates that more people smoke and have trouble quitting in neighborhoods where they feel unsafe. High crime rates, low police presence or trust, and a history of neglect in these neighborhoods result in heightened neighborhood vigilance among residents to protect against personal harm.

Coping behavior like smoking may be a result of living in a neighborhood where one feels unsafe. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the neighborhoods people live in have a major impact on their health and well-being, making them key non-medical drivers of care. Although non-medical drivers have increasingly been understood as clinically important factors in the onset, maintenance, and relapse of substance use behavior, little research has evaluated neighborhood vigilance in terms of smoking.

"High levels of neighborhood threat shape perceptions of powerlessness among residents, amplifying a general sense of mistrust that can promote maladaptive coping behavior like smoking,” reports Michael J. Zvolensky, Hugh Roy and Lillie Cranz Cullen Distinguished University Professor of Psychology, in the journal Substance Use & Misuse.

Zvolensky examined the role of neighborhood vigilance in terms of smoking abstinence expectancies and severity of problems when trying to quit among adults who smoke. Abstinence expectancies pertain to the expected personal consequences of refraining from smoking.

Michael J. Zvolensky reports higher levels of smoking and more severe problems quitting among those who feel threatened in their neighborhoods. “Neighborhood vigilance was also associated with more severe problems when trying to quit smoking. The current findings suggest neighborhood vigilance represents an important contextual factor involved in certain negative beliefs about abstinence and challenges in quitting.”

Participants in this analysis included 93 adult smokers who were seeking cessation treatment. Of the group, 64.5% identified as Black or African American, 30.1% identified as White, 3.2% identified as Other, and 2.2% identified as Asian. The group answered questions about their own socio-demographic characteristics and their neighborhoods.

“Generally consistent with prediction, greater levels of neighborhood vigilance were associated with negative abstinence smoking expectancies, including negative mood and harmful consequences,” said Zvolensky.

Zvolensky said the study indicates a need to continue building theoretical knowledge and clinical intervention programming for smoking cessation that more directly focuses on social context factors like neighborhood vigilance. His team includes Bryce K. Clausen, Justin M. Shepherd, and Brooke Y. Redmond, all from UH.